診斷慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)
診斷慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL)
如何診斷慢性淋巴細胞白血病?7
身體檢查與病史:檢查身體的狀況,包括疾病的徵兆,如腫塊或其他異常狀況,包括是否有發燒、盜汗,體重減輕,以及患者過去的疾病和治療史。
血液測試:以檢查血液內各種血球的數量,包括紅血球、血小板和白血球,尤其是淋巴細胞有否出現異常。
流式細胞術:透過辨認癌細胞上的標記,醫生能檢驗出患者血液內的淋巴細胞有否包含癌細胞。
基因測試:能檢查患者的染色體異常,從而判斷處理患者治療的困難程度。若患者只有第13對染色體缺失,則屬低風險,治療相對容易;若出現第11或第17對染色體缺失,則屬高風險,治療相對困難。
影像測試:透過電腦斷層掃瞄(CT scan)等影像測試,醫生能夠觀察患者體內的狀況,例如淋巴結及各器官有否出現腫脹。
骨髓活體檢驗:檢驗骨髓有助醫生掌握病情的嚴重程度。醫生會先用刺針從患者的髖骨抽出骨髓樣本,然後在顯微鏡下觀察樣本有否出現異常細胞。
如何判斷CLL病情的嚴重程度?8,20
醫生會透過以下三個現象來診斷病人的CLL的嚴重程度:
- 血液中淋巴細胞的數量
- 淋巴結、脾臟及肝臟脹大現象
- 貧血或血小板減少現象
醫生可透過Rai 系統或Binet系統斷定癌症的分期,並預測患者的存活期8。
例如Rai系統將CLL分為5期,並將患者分為低、中和高風險組別8,20:
期數 | 臨床特徵 | 風險 | 存活期中位數(年) |
---|---|---|---|
第0期 | 血液中淋巴細胞增多 沒有其他白血病的徵兆或症狀 |
低 | >15 |
第1期 | 血液中淋巴細胞增多 淋巴結有腫大情況 |
中 | 9 |
第2期 | 血液中淋巴細胞增多 肝臟或脾臟腫大 淋巴結未必腫大 |
中 | 5 |
第3期 | 血液中淋巴細胞增多 貧血 淋巴結、肝臟或脾臟未必腫大 |
高 | 2 |
第4期 | 血液中淋巴細胞增多 血小板過低 淋巴結、肝臟或脾臟可能腫大 可能貧血 |
高 | 2 |
參考資料
- American Cancer Society. Leukemia – Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL). What is chronic lymphocytic leukemia? Available at: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/leukemia-chroniclymphocyticcll/detailedguide/leukemia-chronic-lymphocytic-what-is-cll.Accessed: 30 Jun 2021.
- American Cancer Society. Leukemia – Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL). Signs and symptoms of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Available at:http://www.cancer.org/cancer/leukemia-chroniclymphocyticcll/detailedguide/leukemia–chronic-lymphocytic-signs-symptoms. Accessed: 30 Jun 2021.
- American Cancer Society. Leukemia – Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL). Do We Know What Causes Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html. Accessed: 30Jun 2021.
- Döhner H, et al. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1910-1916.
- Gogia A, et al. South Asian J Cancer 2019;8:40.
- Crombie J, et al. Am J Hematol. 2017;92:1393-1397.
- American Cancer Society. Leukemia – Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL). How Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Diagnosed? Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html. Accessed: 30Jun 2021.
- Montserrat E, et al. Ann Oncol 1995;6:219-235.
- Furman RR, et al. N Engl J Med 2014;370:997-1007.
- Eichhorst B, et al. Ann Oncol 2021;32:23-33.
- American Cancer Society. Leukemia – Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL). Typical Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Available at:https://www.cancer.org/cancer/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/treating/treatment-by-risk-group.html. Accessed: 30 Jun 2021.
- Keating MJ, et al. Leuk Lymphoma 1993;11 Suppl 2:167-175.
- Hallek M, et al. Blood 2018;131:2745-2760.
- Marzia P, et al. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 686768
- Danilov AV, et al. Br. J. Haematol 2021;193:15-25.
- Byrd JC, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2021:JCO2101210.
- AbbVie Inc. and Genentech USA. Living With CLL Goes Beyond Treatment. Available at: https://www.cllcancer.com/living-with-cll. Accessed: 30Jun 2021.
- Zenz T, et al. 2010;28:4473-4479.
- Yu L, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:735-745.
- American Cancer Society. Leukemia – Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL). How Is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Staged? Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html. Accessed: 30 Jun 2021.